stats: history and culture collector (step 4): events, offices, people, holidays, UNESCO, religion, long-run series

2026-10-25 23:25:46 +00:00
parent fa3aa25f0b
commit 0088e5202e
8 changed files with 39743 additions and 2 deletions
--- a/deploy/stats-collector/stats-history.timer
+++ b/deploy/stats-collector/stats-history.timer
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=/stats collector: history and culture (Wikidata, UNESCO, Nager.Date, OWID, CBS religion; monthly)
+
+[Timer]
+OnCalendar=*-*-03 05:40:00 Europe/Amsterdam
+RandomizedDelaySec=30min
+Persistent=true
+Unit=stats-collector@history.service
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=timers.target
--- a/drizzle/20261025232448_stats_step4/migration.sql
+++ b/drizzle/20261025232448_stats_step4/migration.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+CREATE TABLE "stats"."hist_event" (
+	"place" text,
+	"slug" text,
+	"year" integer NOT NULL,
+	"year_end" integer,
+	"date_label" text,
+	"title" text NOT NULL,
+	"summary" text NOT NULL,
+	"theme" text NOT NULL,
+	"source_url" text NOT NULL,
+	CONSTRAINT "hist_event_pkey" PRIMARY KEY("place","slug")
+);
+--> statement-breakpoint
+CREATE TABLE "stats"."hist_fact" (
+	"place" text,
+	"slug" text,
+	"topic" text NOT NULL,
+	"title" text NOT NULL,
+	"body" text NOT NULL,
+	"source_url" text NOT NULL,
+	"sort" integer NOT NULL,
+	CONSTRAINT "hist_fact_pkey" PRIMARY KEY("place","slug")
+);
+--> statement-breakpoint
+CREATE TABLE "stats"."hist_holiday" (
+	"place" text,
+	"date" date,
+	"name" text,
+	"local_name" text,
+	"global" boolean NOT NULL,
+	"types" jsonb,
+	CONSTRAINT "hist_holiday_pkey" PRIMARY KEY("place","date","name")
+);
+--> statement-breakpoint
+CREATE TABLE "stats"."hist_office" (
+	"place" text NOT NULL,
+	"kind" text NOT NULL,
+	"office_qid" text,
+	"office_label" text NOT NULL,
+	"person_qid" text,
+	"person_label" text NOT NULL,
+	"party" text,
+	"start_date" date,
+	"end_date" date,
+	CONSTRAINT "hist_office_pkey" PRIMARY KEY("office_qid","person_qid","start_date")
+);
+--> statement-breakpoint
+CREATE TABLE "stats"."hist_person" (
+	"place" text,
+	"person_qid" text,
+	"label" text NOT NULL,
+	"description" text,
+	"birth_year" integer,
+	"death_year" integer,
+	"sitelinks" integer NOT NULL,
+	"url" text NOT NULL,
+	"rank" integer NOT NULL,
+	CONSTRAINT "hist_person_pkey" PRIMARY KEY("place","person_qid")
+);
+--> statement-breakpoint
+CREATE TABLE "stats"."unesco_site" (
+	"id_no" integer PRIMARY KEY,
+	"name" text NOT NULL,
+	"places" jsonb NOT NULL,
+	"category" text NOT NULL,
+	"year_inscribed" integer,
+	"danger" boolean NOT NULL,
+	"description" text,
+	"lat" double precision,
+	"lon" double precision,
+	"image_url" text
+);
+--> statement-breakpoint
+DO $$ BEGIN IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_roles WHERE rolname='personal_app') THEN GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA stats TO personal_app; END IF; IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_roles WHERE rolname='personal_ro') THEN GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA stats TO personal_ro; END IF; END $$;
--- a/drizzle/20261025232448_stats_step4/snapshot.json
+++ b/drizzle/20261025232448_stats_step4/snapshot.json
--- a/scripts/stats-fetch.ts
+++ b/scripts/stats-fetch.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import { eurobarometer } from './stats/eurobarometer';
 import { whr } from './stats/whr';
 import { gtrends } from './stats/gtrends';
 import { gdelt } from './stats/gdelt';
+import { history } from './stats/history';

 const [source, ...args] = process.argv.slice(2);
 const flag = (name: string) => args.includes(`--${name}`);
@@ -110,12 +111,15 @@ try {
 		case 'gtrends':
 			await gtrends({ job });
 			break;
+		case 'history':
+			await history({ only: value('only'), job });
+			break;
 		case 'gdelt':
 			await gdelt({ job, timespan: value('timespan') });
 			break;
 		default:
 			throw new Error(
-				`Unknown source "${source}" (cbs, eurostat, fred, bis, worldbank, imf, owid, energycharts, rijksfinancien, ustreasury, usaspending, eponline, cbscw, cwintl, elections, parties, wikipolls, eurobarometer, whr, gtrends, gdelt, normalise-cbs)`
+				`Unknown source "${source}" (cbs, eurostat, fred, bis, worldbank, imf, owid, energycharts, rijksfinancien, ustreasury, usaspending, eponline, cbscw, cwintl, elections, parties, wikipolls, eurobarometer, whr, gtrends, gdelt, history, normalise-cbs)`
 			);
 	}
 } finally {
--- a/scripts/stats/common.ts
+++ b/scripts/stats/common.ts
@@ -47,7 +47,11 @@ const hostGapMs: Record<string, number> = {
 	'webgate.ec.europa.eu': 2000,
 	'files.worldhappiness.report': 1000,
 	'trends.google.com': 3000,
-	'api.gdeltproject.org': 5500
+	'api.gdeltproject.org': 5500,
+	'query.wikidata.org': 1500,
+	'date.nager.at': 300,
+	'data.unesco.org': 1000,
+	'nl.wikipedia.org': 1000
 };
 const lastHit = new Map<string, number>();

@@ -326,6 +330,47 @@ export const SOURCES = [
 		licence: 'Open, unrestricted use with citation',
 		key_required: false,
 		attribution: 'Source: The GDELT Project'
+	},
+	{
+		source_id: 'wikidata',
+		name: 'Wikidata Query Service',
+		base_url: 'https://query.wikidata.org/sparql',
+		licence: 'CC0 1.0',
+		key_required: false,
+		attribution: 'Source: Wikidata (CC0)'
+	},
+	{
+		source_id: 'nager',
+		name: 'Nager.Date public holiday API',
+		base_url: 'https://date.nager.at/api/v3',
+		licence: 'MIT',
+		key_required: false,
+		attribution: 'Source: Nager.Date'
+	},
+	{
+		source_id: 'unesco',
+		name: 'UNESCO World Heritage List (open data)',
+		base_url: 'https://data.unesco.org/explore/dataset/whc001/',
+		licence: 'CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO',
+		key_required: false,
+		attribution: 'Source: UNESCO World Heritage Centre, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO'
+	},
+	{
+		source_id: 'pew',
+		name: 'Pew Research Center: religious composition by country 2010–2020',
+		base_url:
+			'https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2020/',
+		licence: 'Free use with attribution',
+		key_required: false,
+		attribution: 'Source: Pew Research Center (2025), via Our World in Data'
+	},
+	{
+		source_id: 'history',
+		name: 'Curated history and culture notes',
+		base_url: 'https://stanrunge.dev/stats/history',
+		licence: 'CC BY-SA 4.0 (texts summarised from the linked sources, mostly Wikipedia)',
+		key_required: false,
+		attribution: 'Curated; every entry links to its source'
 	}
 ] as const;

--- a/scripts/stats/history-events.json
+++ b/scripts/stats/history-events.json
--- a/scripts/stats/history.ts
+++ b/scripts/stats/history.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+// Step 4 (§9): history and culture per place (NLD, GM0513 Gouda, CUW, USA, KOR).
+//  - owid:      long-run population, life expectancy and urbanisation (OWID grapher CSVs)
+//  - religion:  CBS 37944 (NL 1849–2018), 82904NED (NL 2010→), 71124NED (Gouda census 1930),
+//               Pew Research Center 2010/2020 via OWID
+//  - offices:   heads of government / state, governor, mayor (Wikidata P39 statements)
+//  - turnout:   US and South Korean national elections (Wikidata P1867 / P1868)
+//  - people:    best-known people per place (Wikidata, ranked by sitelinks)
+//  - holidays:  public holidays (Nager.Date API)
+//  - unesco:    World Heritage sites (UNESCO WHC open data, whc001)
+//  - curated:   key events, cuisine/exports and transcribed series (scripts/stats/history-events.json)
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { getJson, getText, http, insertChunks, log, run, sql, writeSeries } from './common';
+import type { ObsRow, SeriesRow } from './common';
+import { parseCsv } from './owid';
+
+export const HISTORY_PLACES = ['NLD', 'GM0513', 'CUW', 'USA', 'KOR'] as const;
+const year = (y: number) => `${String(y).padStart(4, '0')}-01-01`;
+const errText = (e: unknown) => (e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e));
+
+// ── OWID long-run series ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Curaçao population and life expectancy already exist as owid:cw:* (UN WPP 1950→), and
+// Maddison GDP per person as owid:maddison:*; those are reused, not duplicated.
+const OWID_SERIES = [
+	{
+		slug: 'population',
+		key: 'population',
+		title: 'Population (long run)',
+		unit: 'people',
+		from: 1500,
+		regions: ['NLD', 'USA', 'KOR', 'WLD'],
+		source: 'HYDE, Gapminder and UN WPP, via Our World in Data'
+	},
+	{
+		slug: 'life-expectancy',
+		key: 'life-expectancy',
+		title: 'Life expectancy at birth (long run)',
+		unit: 'years',
+		from: 1500,
+		regions: ['NLD', 'USA', 'KOR', 'WLD'],
+		source: 'Riley (2005), Zijdeman et al. (2015), HMD and UN WPP, via Our World in Data'
+	},
+	{
+		slug: 'urbanization-last-500-years',
+		key: 'urban-long',
+		title: 'Share of people living in urban areas (long run)',
+		unit: '%',
+		from: 1500,
+		regions: ['NLD', 'USA', 'KOR', 'WLD'],
+		source: 'HYDE (2023), via Our World in Data'
+	},
+	{
+		slug: 'share-of-population-urban',
+		key: 'urban',
+		title: 'Share of people living in urban areas',
+		unit: '%',
+		from: 1950,
+		regions: ['NLD', 'USA', 'KOR', 'CUW', 'WLD'],
+		source: 'UN World Urbanization Prospects, via Our World in Data'
+	}
+];
+const owidRegion = (code: string, entity: string) =>
+	code === 'OWID_WRL' || entity === 'World' ? 'WLD' : code;
+
+async function owidJob(note: (w: string) => void) {
+	const series: SeriesRow[] = [];
+	const obs: ObsRow[] = [];
+	for (const s of OWID_SERIES) {
+		try {
+			const url = `https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/${s.slug}.csv?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=true`;
+			const [header, ...lines] = parseCsv(await getText(url));
+			const [e, c, y] = ['entity', 'code', 'year'].map((n) => header.indexOf(n));
+			const v = header.length - 1;
+			let n = 0;
+			for (const l of lines) {
+				if (l.length <= v || l[v] === '') continue;
+				const region = owidRegion(l[c], l[e]);
+				const yr = Number(l[y]);
+				if (!s.regions.includes(region) || yr < s.from) continue;
+				const id = `owid:hist:${s.key}:${region}`;
+				if (!series.some((x) => x.series_id === id))
+					series.push({
+						series_id: id,
+						source_id: 'owid',
+						source_code: `${s.slug}/${region}`,
+						title: s.title,
+						unit: s.unit,
+						freq: 'A',
+						region_code: region,
+						theme: 'history',
+						meta: { url: `https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/${s.slug}`, source: s.source }
+					});
+				obs.push({ series_id: id, period: year(yr), value: Number(l[v]), status: null });
+				n++;
+			}
+			if (!n) throw new Error('no rows for the requested places');
+		} catch (error) {
+			note(`owid ${s.slug}: ${errText(error)}`);
+		}
+	}
+	return writeSeries(series, obs);
+}
+
+// ── Religion ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+type CbsRow = Record<string, string | number | null>;
+const cbsRows = async (table: string, filter = '') =>
+	(
+		await getJson<{ value: CbsRow[] }>(
+			`https://opendata.cbs.nl/ODataApi/odata/${table}/TypedDataSet?$format=json${filter ? `&$filter=${encodeURIComponent(filter)}` : ''}`
+		)
+	).value;
+const cbsYear = (p: unknown) => Number(String(p).slice(0, 4));
+
+const RELIGION_37944: Record<string, [string, string]> = {
+	GeenKerkelijkeGezindte_1: ['none', 'No religious affiliation'],
+	RoomsKatholiek_2: ['catholic', 'Roman Catholic'],
+	ProtestantseKerkInNederland_3: ['pkn', 'Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN)'],
+	NederlandsHervormd_4: ['hervormd', 'Dutch Reformed (Hervormd)'],
+	Gereformeerd_5: ['gereformeerd', 'Reformed (Gereformeerd)'],
+	OverigeKerkelijkeGezindten_6: ['other', 'Other religion']
+};
+const RELIGION_82904: Record<string, [string, string]> = {
+	A008467: ['none', 'No religious affiliation'],
+	A008466: ['catholic', 'Roman Catholic'],
+	A050076: ['protestant', 'Protestant (all)'],
+	A008465: ['pkn', 'Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN)'],
+	A008464: ['hervormd', 'Dutch Reformed (Hervormd)'],
+	A008463: ['gereformeerd', 'Reformed (Gereformeerd)'],
+	A047804: ['islam', 'Islam'],
+	A008468: ['other', 'Other religion']
+};
+const RELIGION_1930: Record<string, string> = {
+	KGNH: 'Dutch Reformed (Hervormd)',
+	KGRK: 'Roman Catholic',
+	KGGK: 'Reformed (Gereformeerd)',
+	KGCG: 'Christian Reformed',
+	KGRE: 'Remonstrant',
+	KGEL: 'Lutheran',
+	KGDO: 'Mennonite',
+	KGNI: 'Jewish (Ashkenazi)',
+	KGPI: 'Jewish (Portuguese)',
+	KGGN: 'No religious affiliation'
+};
+const PEW: Record<string, string> = {
+	christians: 'Christians',
+	muslims: 'Muslims',
+	jews: 'Jews',
+	hindus: 'Hindus',
+	buddhists: 'Buddhists',
+	other_religions: 'Other religions',
+	religiously_unaffiliated: 'Religiously unaffiliated'
+};
+
+async function religionJob(note: (w: string) => void) {
+	const series: SeriesRow[] = [];
+	const obs: ObsRow[] = [];
+	const add = (s: Omit<SeriesRow, 'freq' | 'theme'>, period: string, value: number | null) => {
+		if (value == null || !Number.isFinite(value)) return;
+		if (!series.some((x) => x.series_id === s.series_id))
+			series.push({ ...s, freq: 'A', theme: 'culture' });
+		obs.push({ series_id: s.series_id, period, value, status: null });
+	};
+	try {
+		for (const r of await cbsRows('37944'))
+			for (const [col, [key, title]] of Object.entries(RELIGION_37944))
+				add(
+					{
+						series_id: `cbs:religion:37944:${key}:NL01`,
+						source_id: 'cbs',
+						source_code: `37944/${col}`,
+						title: `${title}, share of adults (18+)`,
+						unit: '%',
+						region_code: 'NLD',
+						meta: {
+							url: 'https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37944/table',
+							note: 'Censuses until 1971, surveys after'
+						}
+					},
+					year(cbsYear(r.Perioden)),
+					r[col] as number | null
+				);
+	} catch (error) {
+		note(`cbs 37944: ${errText(error)}`);
+	}
+	try {
+		for (const r of await cbsRows('82904NED', "Persoonskenmerken eq 'T009002'")) {
+			const hit = RELIGION_82904[String(r.KerkelijkeGezindte).trim()];
+			if (!hit) continue;
+			add(
+				{
+					series_id: `cbs:religion:82904:${hit[0]}:NL01`,
+					source_id: 'cbs',
+					source_code: `82904NED/${String(r.KerkelijkeGezindte).trim()}`,
+					title: `${hit[1]}, share of people 15+`,
+					unit: '%',
+					region_code: 'NLD',
+					meta: { url: 'https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/82904NED/table' }
+				},
+				year(cbsYear(r.Perioden)),
+				r.PersonenKerkelijkeGezindte_1 as number | null
+			);
+		}
+	} catch (error) {
+		note(`cbs 82904NED: ${errText(error)}`);
+	}
+	try {
+		const rows = await cbsRows('71124NED', "Regio eq 'GM0513' and Geslacht eq 'GesT'");
+		const total = rows.find((r) => String(r.KerkelijkeGezindte).trim() === 'KGTO')?.Bewoners_1;
+		if (typeof total !== 'number' || total <= 0) throw new Error('no Gouda total for 1930');
+		for (const r of rows) {
+			const code = String(r.KerkelijkeGezindte).trim();
+			if (!RELIGION_1930[code] || typeof r.Bewoners_1 !== 'number') continue;
+			add(
+				{
+					series_id: `cbs:religion:1930:${code}:GM0513`,
+					source_id: 'cbs',
+					source_code: `71124NED/${code}`,
+					title: `${RELIGION_1930[code]}, share of residents (census 1930)`,
+					unit: '%',
+					region_code: 'GM0513',
+					meta: {
+						url: 'https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/71124NED/table',
+						residents: r.Bewoners_1,
+						total
+					}
+				},
+				'1930-01-01',
+				Math.round((r.Bewoners_1 / total) * 1000) / 10
+			);
+		}
+	} catch (error) {
+		note(`cbs 71124NED: ${errText(error)}`);
+	}
+	try {
+		const [header, ...lines] = parseCsv(
+			await getText(
+				'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-by-religious-affiliation.csv?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=true'
+			)
+		);
+		const [c, y] = [header.indexOf('code'), header.indexOf('year')];
+		for (const l of lines) {
+			const region = owidRegion(l[c] ?? '', l[0] ?? '');
+			if (!['NLD', 'USA', 'KOR', 'CUW', 'WLD'].includes(region)) continue;
+			for (const [key, label] of Object.entries(PEW)) {
+				const i = header.indexOf(`share__religion_${key}`);
+				if (i < 0 || l[i] === '' || l[i] == null) continue;
+				add(
+					{
+						series_id: `pew:religion:${key}:${region}`,
+						source_id: 'pew',
+						source_code: `religious-composition/${key}/${region}`,
+						title: `${label}, share of population`,
+						unit: '%',
+						region_code: region,
+						meta: {
+							url: 'https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2020/',
+							via: 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-by-religious-affiliation'
+						}
+					},
+					year(Number(l[y])),
+					Number(l[i])
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	} catch (error) {
+		note(`pew: ${errText(error)}`);
+	}
+	if (!obs.length) throw new Error('no religion rows');
+	return writeSeries(series, obs);
+}
+
+// ── Wikidata ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+type Binding = Record<string, { value: string } | undefined>;
+async function sparql(query: string): Promise<Binding[]> {
+	const response = await http(
+		`https://query.wikidata.org/sparql?query=${encodeURIComponent(query)}`,
+		{ headers: { accept: 'application/sparql-results+json' } }
+	);
+	return ((await response.json()) as { results: { bindings: Binding[] } }).results.bindings;
+}
+const qid = (b: { value: string } | undefined) => b?.value.split('/').pop() ?? '';
+const day = (b: { value: string } | undefined) => {
+	const m = b?.value.match(/^(-?\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})/);
+	return m ? `${m[1]}-${m[2] === '00' ? '01' : m[2]}-${m[3] === '00' ? '01' : m[3]}` : null;
+};
+
+const OFFICES = [
+	{ place: 'NLD', kind: 'head_of_government', qid: 'Q3058109' },
+	{ place: 'NLD', kind: 'head_of_state', qid: 'Q2045066' },
+	{ place: 'USA', kind: 'head_of_state', qid: 'Q11696' },
+	{ place: 'KOR', kind: 'head_of_state', qid: 'Q6296418' },
+	{ place: 'KOR', kind: 'head_of_government', qid: 'Q15407843' },
+	{ place: 'CUW', kind: 'head_of_government', qid: 'Q2247822' },
+	{ place: 'CUW', kind: 'governor', qid: 'Q2140877' },
+	{ place: 'GM0513', kind: 'mayor', qid: 'Q98970128' }
+];
+
+async function officesJob(note: (w: string) => void) {
+	const rows: Record<string, unknown>[] = [];
+	for (const o of OFFICES) {
+		try {
+			const b = await sparql(`SELECT ?p ?pLabel ?officeLabel ?start ?end
+				(GROUP_CONCAT(DISTINCT ?partyName; separator=" / ") AS ?parties) WHERE {
+				BIND(wd:${o.qid} AS ?office)
+				?p p:P39 ?st. ?st ps:P39 ?office; pq:P580 ?start; wikibase:rank ?rank.
+				FILTER(?rank != wikibase:DeprecatedRank)
+				OPTIONAL { ?st pq:P582 ?end }
+				OPTIONAL { ?p wdt:P102 ?party. ?party rdfs:label ?partyName. FILTER(lang(?partyName) = "en") }
+				SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en,nl,ko,pap". }
+			} GROUP BY ?p ?pLabel ?officeLabel ?start ?end`);
+			const seen = new Set<string>();
+			for (const r of b) {
+				const start = day(r.start);
+				const key = `${qid(r.p)}|${start}`;
+				if (!start || seen.has(key)) continue;
+				seen.add(key);
+				rows.push({
+					place: o.place,
+					kind: o.kind,
+					office_qid: o.qid,
+					office_label: r.officeLabel?.value ?? o.qid,
+					person_qid: qid(r.p),
+					person_label: r.pLabel?.value ?? qid(r.p),
+					party: r.parties?.value || null,
+					start_date: start,
+					end_date: day(r.end)
+				});
+			}
+		} catch (error) {
+			note(`office ${o.qid}: ${errText(error)}`);
+		}
+	}
+	if (!rows.length) throw new Error('no office holders');
+	await sql.begin(async (tx) => {
+		await tx`delete from stats.hist_office`;
+		await insertChunks(tx, 'hist_office', rows);
+	});
+	return rows.length;
+}
+
+const ELECTIONS = [
+	{
+		cls: 'Q47566',
+		id: 'wikidata:turnout:uspres:USA',
+		region: 'USA',
+		title: 'US presidential election'
+	},
+	{
+		cls: 'Q5518574',
+		id: 'wikidata:turnout:krpres:KOR',
+		region: 'KOR',
+		title: 'South Korean presidential election'
+	},
+	{
+		cls: 'Q5518656',
+		id: 'wikidata:turnout:krleg:KOR',
+		region: 'KOR',
+		title: 'South Korean legislative election'
+	}
+];
+
+async function turnoutJob(note: (w: string) => void) {
+	const series: SeriesRow[] = [];
+	const obs: ObsRow[] = [];
+	for (const e of ELECTIONS) {
+		try {
+			const b = await sparql(`SELECT ?e ?d ?elig ?cast WHERE {
+				?e wdt:P31 wd:${e.cls}; wdt:P585 ?d; wdt:P1867 ?elig; wdt:P1868 ?cast. }`);
+			const points = new Map<string, number>();
+			for (const r of b) {
+				const d = day(r.d);
+				const elig = Number(r.elig?.value);
+				const cast = Number(r.cast?.value);
+				// Skip indirect elections (e.g. 1948 by the National Assembly) and bad data.
+				if (!d || !(elig > 100_000) || !(cast > 0) || cast > elig) continue;
+				points.set(d, Math.round((cast / elig) * 1000) / 10);
+			}
+			if (!points.size) continue;
+			series.push({
+				series_id: e.id,
+				source_id: 'wikidata',
+				source_code: e.cls,
+				title: `Turnout, ${e.title}`,
+				unit: '%',
+				freq: 'A',
+				region_code: e.region,
+				theme: 'elections',
+				meta: {
+					url: `https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/${e.cls}`,
+					note: 'Ballots cast (P1868) / eligible voters (P1867) as recorded on Wikidata; elections without both are missing'
+				}
+			});
+			for (const [period, value] of points)
+				obs.push({ series_id: e.id, period, value, status: null });
+		} catch (error) {
+			note(`turnout ${e.cls}: ${errText(error)}`);
+		}
+	}
+	return writeSeries(series, obs);
+}
+
+const PEOPLE = [
+	{ place: 'NLD', where: 'VALUES ?c { wd:Q55 wd:Q29999 wd:Q170072 } ?p wdt:P27 ?c.', min: 60 },
+	{ place: 'USA', where: '?p wdt:P27 wd:Q30.', min: 160 },
+	{ place: 'KOR', where: 'VALUES ?c { wd:Q884 wd:Q28179 wd:Q28233 } ?p wdt:P27 ?c.', min: 50 },
+	{ place: 'GM0513', where: '?p wdt:P19/wdt:P131* wd:Q84125.', min: 0 },
+	{ place: 'CUW', where: '?p wdt:P19/wdt:P131* wd:Q25279.', min: 0 }
+];
+
+async function peopleJob(note: (w: string) => void) {
+	const rows: Record<string, unknown>[] = [];
+	for (const p of PEOPLE) {
+		try {
+			const b = await sparql(`SELECT ?p ?n WHERE {
+				${p.where} ?p wdt:P31 wd:Q5; wikibase:sitelinks ?n. FILTER(?n >= ${p.min})
+			} ORDER BY DESC(?n) LIMIT 60`);
+			const top = [...new Map(b.map((r) => [qid(r.p), Number(r.n?.value)])).entries()].slice(0, 25);
+			if (!top.length) continue;
+			const detail =
+				await sparql(`SELECT ?p ?pLabel ?pDescription (MIN(YEAR(?b)) AS ?by) (MIN(YEAR(?d)) AS ?dy)
+				(SAMPLE(?en) AS ?enwiki) (SAMPLE(?nl) AS ?nlwiki) WHERE {
+				VALUES ?p { ${top.map(([q]) => `wd:${q}`).join(' ')} }
+				OPTIONAL { ?p wdt:P569 ?b } OPTIONAL { ?p wdt:P570 ?d }
+				OPTIONAL { ?en schema:about ?p; schema:isPartOf <https://en.wikipedia.org/> }
+				OPTIONAL { ?nl schema:about ?p; schema:isPartOf <https://nl.wikipedia.org/> }
+				SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en,nl,ko". }
+			} GROUP BY ?p ?pLabel ?pDescription`);
+			const info = new Map(detail.map((r) => [qid(r.p), r]));
+			top.forEach(([q, n], i) => {
+				const r = info.get(q);
+				rows.push({
+					place: p.place,
+					person_qid: q,
+					label: r?.pLabel?.value ?? q,
+					description: r?.pDescription?.value ?? null,
+					birth_year: r?.by ? Number(r.by.value) : null,
+					death_year: r?.dy ? Number(r.dy.value) : null,
+					sitelinks: n,
+					url: r?.enwiki?.value ?? r?.nlwiki?.value ?? `https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/${q}`,
+					rank: i + 1
+				});
+			});
+		} catch (error) {
+			note(`people ${p.place}: ${errText(error)}`);
+		}
+	}
+	if (!rows.length) throw new Error('no people');
+	await sql.begin(async (tx) => {
+		await tx`delete from stats.hist_person`;
+		await insertChunks(tx, 'hist_person', rows);
+	});
+	return rows.length;
+}
+
+// ── Holidays and UNESCO ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+const NAGER: Record<string, string> = { NL: 'NLD', US: 'USA', KR: 'KOR', CW: 'CUW' };
+
+async function holidaysJob(note: (w: string) => void) {
+	const rows: Record<string, unknown>[] = [];
+	const y = new Date().getUTCFullYear();
+	for (const [cc, place] of Object.entries(NAGER))
+		for (const yr of [y, y + 1]) {
+			try {
+				const list = await getJson<
+					{ date: string; localName: string; name: string; global: boolean; types: string[] }[]
+				>(`https://date.nager.at/api/v3/PublicHolidays/${yr}/${cc}`);
+				const seen = new Set<string>();
+				for (const h of list) {
+					const key = `${h.date}|${h.name}`;
+					if (seen.has(key)) continue;
+					seen.add(key);
+					rows.push({
+						place,
+						date: h.date,
+						name: h.name,
+						local_name: h.localName,
+						global: h.global,
+						types: h.types
+					});
+				}
+			} catch (error) {
+				note(`nager ${cc} ${yr}: ${errText(error)}`);
+			}
+		}
+	if (!rows.length) throw new Error('no holidays');
+	await sql.begin(async (tx) => {
+		await tx`delete from stats.hist_holiday`;
+		await insertChunks(tx, 'hist_holiday', rows);
+	});
+	return rows.length;
+}
+
+type WhcRecord = {
+	id_no: string | number;
+	name_en: string;
+	iso_codes: string | string[] | null;
+	category: string;
+	date_inscribed: string | number | null;
+	danger: string | boolean | null;
+	short_description_en: string | null;
+	geo_point_2d: { lat: number; lon: number } | null;
+	main_image_url: string | null;
+};
+
+async function unescoJob() {
+	const records = await getJson<WhcRecord[]>(
+		'https://data.unesco.org/api/explore/v2.1/catalog/datasets/whc001/exports/json?select=id_no,name_en,iso_codes,category,date_inscribed,danger,short_description_en,geo_point_2d,main_image_url'
+	);
+	const rows: Record<string, unknown>[] = [];
+	for (const r of records) {
+		const codes = (
+			Array.isArray(r.iso_codes)
+				? r.iso_codes
+				: (String(r.iso_codes ?? '').match(/[A-Za-z]{2}/g) ?? [])
+		).map((c) => c.toUpperCase());
+		const places = new Set<string>();
+		for (const c of codes) {
+			// Willemstad is listed under the Netherlands (Kingdom); split by longitude.
+			if (c === 'NL') places.add((r.geo_point_2d?.lon ?? 0) < -30 ? 'CUW' : 'NLD');
+			else if (c === 'CW') places.add('CUW');
+			else if (c === 'US') places.add('USA');
+			else if (c === 'KR') places.add('KOR');
+		}
+		if (!places.size) continue;
+		rows.push({
+			id_no: Number(r.id_no),
+			name: r.name_en,
+			places: [...places],
+			category: r.category,
+			year_inscribed: r.date_inscribed ? Number(String(r.date_inscribed).slice(0, 4)) : null,
+			danger: r.danger === true || r.danger === 'True',
+			description: r.short_description_en
+				? r.short_description_en.replace(/<[^>]+>/g, '').trim()
+				: null,
+			lat: r.geo_point_2d?.lat ?? null,
+			lon: r.geo_point_2d?.lon ?? null,
+			image_url: r.main_image_url
+		});
+	}
+	if (rows.length < 10) throw new Error(`only ${rows.length} sites`);
+	await sql.begin(async (tx) => {
+		await tx`delete from stats.unesco_site`;
+		await insertChunks(tx, 'unesco_site', rows);
+	});
+	return rows.length;
+}
+
+// ── Curated events, facts and transcribed series ─────────────────────────────────────────
+type Curated = {
+	events: {
+		place: string;
+		slug: string;
+		year: number;
+		year_end: number | null;
+		date_label: string | null;
+		title: string;
+		summary: string;
+		theme: string;
+		source_url: string;
+	}[];
+	facts: Record<string, unknown>[];
+	series: {
+		series_id: string;
+		title: string;
+		unit: string;
+		region_code: string;
+		source_url: string;
+		note: string;
+		points?: [number, number][];
+		shares?: Record<string, number>;
+		year?: number;
+	}[];
+};
+
+async function curatedJob() {
+	const data = JSON.parse(
+		readFileSync(new URL('./history-events.json', import.meta.url), 'utf8')
+	) as Curated;
+	for (const e of data.events)
+		if (!e.source_url?.startsWith('https://'))
+			throw new Error(`event ${e.place}/${e.slug} has no source`);
+	await sql.begin(async (tx) => {
+		await tx`delete from stats.hist_event`;
+		await insertChunks(tx, 'hist_event', data.events);
+		await tx`delete from stats.hist_fact`;
+		await insertChunks(tx, 'hist_fact', data.facts);
+	});
+	const series: SeriesRow[] = [];
+	const obs: ObsRow[] = [];
+	for (const s of data.series) {
+		const source = s.series_id.startsWith('cbscw:') ? 'cbscw' : 'history';
+		const meta = { url: s.source_url, note: s.note };
+		if (s.points) {
+			series.push({
+				series_id: s.series_id,
+				source_id: source,
+				source_code: s.series_id,
+				title: s.title,
+				unit: s.unit,
+				freq: 'A',
+				region_code: s.region_code,
+				theme: 'history',
+				meta
+			});
+			for (const [y, v] of s.points)
+				obs.push({ series_id: s.series_id, period: year(y), value: v, status: null });
+		}
+		for (const [label, v] of Object.entries(s.shares ?? {})) {
+			const id = `${s.series_id}:${label.toLowerCase()}`;
+			series.push({
+				series_id: id,
+				source_id: source,
+				source_code: id,
+				title: `${s.title}: ${label}`,
+				unit: s.unit,
+				freq: 'A',
+				region_code: s.region_code,
+				theme: 'culture',
+				meta: { ...meta, label }
+			});
+			obs.push({ series_id: id, period: year(s.year ?? 2023), value: v, status: null });
+		}
+	}
+	await writeSeries(series, obs);
+	return data.events.length + data.facts.length + obs.length;
+}
+
+const JOBS = {
+	curated: ['history', curatedJob],
+	owid: ['owid', owidJob],
+	religion: ['cbs', religionJob],
+	offices: ['wikidata', officesJob],
+	turnout: ['wikidata', turnoutJob],
+	people: ['wikidata', peopleJob],
+	holidays: ['nager', holidaysJob],
+	unesco: ['unesco', unescoJob]
+} as const;
+
+export async function history(opts: { only?: string; job: string }) {
+	const wanted = opts.only ? opts.only.split(',') : Object.keys(JOBS);
+	let failed = 0;
+	for (const name of wanted) {
+		const entry = JOBS[name as keyof typeof JOBS];
+		if (!entry) throw new Error(`unknown history job ${name} (${Object.keys(JOBS).join(', ')})`);
+		const [sourceId, fn] = entry;
+		try {
+			await run(sourceId, `history:${name}`, (note) => fn(note));
+		} catch {
+			failed++;
+		}
+	}
+	log(`history: ${wanted.length - failed}/${wanted.length} jobs ok`);
+	if (failed) throw new Error(`${failed} history jobs failed`);
+}
--- a/src/lib/server/db/schema/stats.ts
+++ b/src/lib/server/db/schema/stats.ts
@@ -744,3 +744,108 @@ export const statsGdeltThemeVol = statsSchema.table(
 	},
 	(t) => [primaryKey({ columns: [t.date, t.country, t.theme] })]
 );
+
+// ── Step 4: history and culture per place (§9) ───────────────────────────────────────────
+// Places are region codes: NLD, GM0513 (Gouda), CUW, USA, KOR. Every row carries its source link.
+
+/** Curated key events (scripts/stats/history-events.json), each with a source link. */
+export const statsHistEvent = statsSchema.table(
+	'hist_event',
+	{
+		place: text('place').notNull(),
+		/** Stable slug within the place, e.g. 'dutch-revolt'. */
+		slug: text('slug').notNull(),
+		year: integer('year').notNull(),
+		yearEnd: integer('year_end'),
+		/** Optional exact or partial date label ("1 July 1863"). */
+		dateLabel: text('date_label'),
+		title: text('title').notNull(),
+		summary: text('summary').notNull(),
+		/** politics | war | economy | society | culture | science */
+		theme: text('theme').notNull(),
+		sourceUrl: text('source_url').notNull()
+	},
+	(t) => [primaryKey({ columns: [t.place, t.slug] })]
+);
+
+/** Curated short culture notes: cuisine and cultural exports. */
+export const statsHistFact = statsSchema.table(
+	'hist_fact',
+	{
+		place: text('place').notNull(),
+		slug: text('slug').notNull(),
+		/** cuisine | export */
+		topic: text('topic').notNull(),
+		title: text('title').notNull(),
+		body: text('body').notNull(),
+		sourceUrl: text('source_url').notNull(),
+		sort: integer('sort').notNull()
+	},
+	(t) => [primaryKey({ columns: [t.place, t.slug] })]
+);
+
+/** Office holders from Wikidata (P39 with start/end qualifiers). */
+export const statsHistOffice = statsSchema.table(
+	'hist_office',
+	{
+		place: text('place').notNull(),
+		/** head_of_government | head_of_state | mayor | governor */
+		kind: text('kind').notNull(),
+		officeQid: text('office_qid').notNull(),
+		officeLabel: text('office_label').notNull(),
+		personQid: text('person_qid').notNull(),
+		personLabel: text('person_label').notNull(),
+		party: text('party'),
+		startDate: date('start_date', { mode: 'string' }).notNull(),
+		endDate: date('end_date', { mode: 'string' })
+	},
+	(t) => [primaryKey({ columns: [t.officeQid, t.personQid, t.startDate] })]
+);
+
+/** Well-known people per place from Wikidata, ranked by number of Wikipedia sitelinks. */
+export const statsHistPerson = statsSchema.table(
+	'hist_person',
+	{
+		place: text('place').notNull(),
+		personQid: text('person_qid').notNull(),
+		label: text('label').notNull(),
+		description: text('description'),
+		birthYear: integer('birth_year'),
+		deathYear: integer('death_year'),
+		sitelinks: integer('sitelinks').notNull(),
+		/** Wikipedia article (en, else nl) or the Wikidata page. */
+		url: text('url').notNull(),
+		rank: integer('rank').notNull()
+	},
+	(t) => [primaryKey({ columns: [t.place, t.personQid] })]
+);
+
+/** Public holidays from the Nager.Date API. */
+export const statsHistHoliday = statsSchema.table(
+	'hist_holiday',
+	{
+		place: text('place').notNull(),
+		date: date('date', { mode: 'string' }).notNull(),
+		name: text('name').notNull(),
+		localName: text('local_name'),
+		/** Nationwide (false = regional only). */
+		global: boolean('global').notNull(),
+		types: jsonb('types')
+	},
+	(t) => [primaryKey({ columns: [t.place, t.date, t.name] })]
+);
+
+/** UNESCO World Heritage sites (UNESCO WHC open data, dataset whc001). */
+export const statsUnescoSite = statsSchema.table('unesco_site', {
+	idNo: integer('id_no').primaryKey(),
+	name: text('name').notNull(),
+	/** Region codes of the places this site lies in (NLD, USA, KOR, CUW). */
+	places: jsonb('places').notNull(),
+	category: text('category').notNull(),
+	yearInscribed: integer('year_inscribed'),
+	danger: boolean('danger').notNull(),
+	description: text('description'),
+	lat: doublePrecision('lat'),
+	lon: doublePrecision('lon'),
+	imageUrl: text('image_url')
+});