import { lesson, level } from '../../course';

export default level(
	'hangul',
	'Hangul',
	'The alphabet',
	'Learn to read Korean in five short lessons. Everything after this is written in Hangul.',
	[
		lesson({
			id: 'ko-vowels',
			title: 'Basic vowels',
			summary: 'ㅏ ㅓ ㅗ ㅜ ㅡ ㅣ and how syllables are built',
			notes: `
			Hangul was invented in 1443 by King Sejong so that anyone could learn to read. It has 24 basic letters, grouped into **syllable blocks**.

			Every block starts with a consonant. If a syllable starts with a vowel sound, it uses the silent **ㅇ** as a placeholder: **아** = ㅇ + ㅏ = "a".

			| letter | sound | block |
			|---|---|---|
			| ㅏ | a (father) | 아 |
			| ㅓ | eo (like "u" in "up") | 어 |
			| ㅗ | o (more rounded) | 오 |
			| ㅜ | u (food) | 우 |
			| ㅡ | eu (unrounded "oo", lips flat) | 으 |
			| ㅣ | i (see) | 이 |

			**Vertical** vowels (ㅏ ㅓ ㅣ) go to the **right** of the consonant: 아, 어, 이.
			**Horizontal** vowels (ㅗ ㅜ ㅡ) go **below** it: 오, 우, 으.
		`,
			script: `
			ㅏ | a
			ㅓ | eo | like the u in "up"
			ㅗ | o
			ㅜ | u
			ㅡ | eu | lips spread, like a flat "oo"
			ㅣ | i
			아 | a
			어 | eo
			오 | o
			우 | u
			으 | eu
			이 | i
		`,
			words: `
			아이 | child
			오이 | cucumber
			이 | two; tooth
			오 | five
		`,
			drills: `
			Which vowel goes below the consonant? | ㅗ | ㅏ; ㅓ; ㅣ | Horizontal vowels go below.
			What does ㅇ sound like at the start of a syllable? | nothing (silent) | ng; o; h
			How is 어 read? | eo | a; o; u
			How is 으 read? | eu | u; o; i
		`
		}),
		lesson({
			id: 'ko-consonants',
			title: 'Basic consonants',
			summary: 'ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅎ',
			notes: `
			The consonant shapes show the mouth: **ㄱ** is the tongue touching the back of the mouth, **ㄴ** the tongue on the ridge behind the teeth, **ㅁ** the closed lips.

			| letter | sound | example |
			|---|---|---|
			| ㄱ | g / k | 가 ga |
			| ㄴ | n | 나 na |
			| ㄷ | d / t | 다 da |
			| ㄹ | r / l | 라 ra |
			| ㅁ | m | 마 ma |
			| ㅂ | b / p | 바 ba |
			| ㅅ | s (sh before ㅣ) | 사 sa, 시 si |
			| ㅇ | silent / ng | 아 a |
			| ㅈ | j | 자 ja |
			| ㅎ | h | 하 ha |

			ㄱ ㄷ ㅂ ㅈ sound softer than English k t p ch: somewhere between g/k, d/t, b/p.
			ㄹ is a quick flap between r and l, like the "tt" in American "butter".
		`,
			script: `
			ㄱ | g; k
			ㄴ | n
			ㄷ | d; t
			ㄹ | r; l
			ㅁ | m
			ㅂ | b; p
			ㅅ | s
			ㅈ | j
			ㅎ | h
			가 | ga
			나 | na
			다 | da
			라 | ra
			마 | ma
			바 | ba
			사 | sa
			자 | ja
			하 | ha
			고 | go
			두 | du
			미 | mi
		`,
			words: `
			나라 | country
			나무 | tree
			바다 | sea
			모자 | hat
			어머니 | mother
			아버지 | father
			가수 | singer
			하나 | one
			두부 | tofu
			지도 | map
			누나 | older sister (said by a male)
			라디오 | radio
		`,
			sentences: `
			어머니 아버지 | mother and father
		`,
			drills: `
			How is 나무 read? | namu | nabu; lamu; namo
			How is 바다 read? | bada | pata; bara; mada
			Which letter is "m"? | ㅁ | ㅂ; ㄴ; ㅇ
			Which letter is the r/l sound? | ㄹ | ㄷ; ㄴ; ㅎ
		`
		}),
		lesson({
			id: 'ko-strong-consonants',
			title: 'Aspirated and tense consonants',
			summary: 'ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅊ and ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ',
			notes: `
			Adding a stroke makes a consonant **aspirated** (with a puff of air). Doubling it makes it **tense** (no air, tight throat).

			| plain | aspirated | tense |
			|---|---|---|
			| ㄱ g | ㅋ k | ㄲ kk |
			| ㄷ d | ㅌ t | ㄸ tt |
			| ㅂ b | ㅍ p | ㅃ pp |
			| ㅈ j | ㅊ ch | ㅉ jj |
			| ㅅ s | | ㅆ ss |

			Hold a hand in front of your mouth: **카** should give a strong puff, **까** almost none (like the k in "skate").

			These three-way contrasts change meaning: **불** (fire), **풀** (grass), **뿔** (horn).
		`,
			script: `
			ㅋ | k
			ㅌ | t
			ㅍ | p
			ㅊ | ch
			ㄲ | kk
			ㄸ | tt
			ㅃ | pp
			ㅆ | ss
			ㅉ | jj
			카 | ka
			타 | ta
			파 | pa
			차 | cha
			까 | kka
			따 | tta
			빠 | ppa
			싸 | ssa
			짜 | jja
		`,
			words: `
			커피 | coffee
			차 | tea; car
			토마토 | tomato
			피자 | pizza
			아빠 | dad
			오빠 | older brother (said by a female)
			코 | nose
			치마 | skirt
			토끼 | rabbit
			기차 | train
			머리 | head; hair
			아저씨 | mister; middle-aged man
		`,
			sentences: `
			커피 주세요 | Coffee, please.
		`,
			drills: `
			Which one is aspirated (with a puff of air)? | ㅋ | ㄲ; ㄱ; ㅇ
			Which one is tense? | ㄸ | ㅌ; ㄷ; ㄹ
			How is 아빠 read? | appa | aba; apa; abba
			How is 치마 read? | chima | jima; kima; tima
			How is 토끼 read? | tokki | dogi; toki; tokgi
		`
		}),
		lesson({
			id: 'ko-compound-vowels',
			title: 'More vowels',
			summary: 'ㅐ ㅔ, the y-vowels and the w-vowels',
			notes: `
			**One extra stroke adds a "y"**: ㅏ → ㅑ (ya), ㅓ → ㅕ (yeo), ㅗ → ㅛ (yo), ㅜ → ㅠ (yu).

			**ㅐ (ae)** and **ㅔ (e)** sound almost the same today (both like "e" in "bed"). ㅒ (yae) and ㅖ (ye) likewise.

			**W-vowels** combine ㅗ or ㅜ with another vowel:
			| | | |
			|---|---|---|
			| ㅘ = ㅗ+ㅏ | wa | 와 |
			| ㅙ = ㅗ+ㅐ | wae | 왜 |
			| ㅚ = ㅗ+ㅣ | oe (said "we") | 외 |
			| ㅝ = ㅜ+ㅓ | wo | 워 |
			| ㅞ = ㅜ+ㅔ | we | 웨 |
			| ㅟ = ㅜ+ㅣ | wi | 위 |
			| ㅢ = ㅡ+ㅣ | ui | 의 |

			**ㅢ** is read "ui" at the start of a word, "i" after a consonant (희 = hi), and "e" as the possessive particle 의.
		`,
			script: `
			ㅐ | ae
			ㅔ | e
			ㅑ | ya
			ㅕ | yeo
			ㅛ | yo
			ㅠ | yu
			ㅘ | wa
			ㅝ | wo
			ㅟ | wi
			ㅢ | ui
			ㅚ | oe
			ㅙ | wae
			애 | ae
			에 | e
			야 | ya
			여 | yeo
			요 | yo
			유 | yu
			와 | wa
			워 | wo
			위 | wi
			의 | ui
			왜 | wae
		`,
			words: `
			우유 | milk
			여우 | fox
			요리 | cooking
			개 | dog
			게 | crab
			사과 | apple
			돼지 | pig
			의자 | chair
			회사 | company
			뭐 | what
			귀 | ear
			야구 | baseball
			왜 | why
			세계 | world
		`,
			sentences: `
			우유 주세요 | Milk, please.
			이게 뭐예요? | What is this?
		`,
			drills: `
			Adding a stroke to ㅏ gives: | ㅑ | ㅐ; ㅓ; ㅘ
			ㅗ + ㅏ = | ㅘ | ㅝ; ㅚ; ㅙ
			How is 의자 read? | uija | euija; wija; eja
			How is 돼지 read? | dwaeji | doeji; dweji; dwaji
			How is 여우 read? | yeou | yau; yeowu; yoou
		`
		}),
		lesson({
			id: 'ko-batchim',
			title: 'Final consonants (batchim)',
			summary: 'Consonants at the bottom of a block and how they link',
			notes: `
			A consonant at the bottom of a block is a **batchim** (받침). Whatever the letter, a final consonant is pronounced as one of **seven sounds**:

			| sound | letters | example |
			|---|---|---|
			| k | ㄱ ㅋ ㄲ | 책 chaek, 부엌 bueok |
			| n | ㄴ | 산 san |
			| t | ㄷ ㅌ ㅅ ㅆ ㅈ ㅊ ㅎ | 옷 ot, 꽃 kkot |
			| l | ㄹ | 물 mul |
			| m | ㅁ | 밤 bam |
			| p | ㅂ ㅍ | 밥 bap, 앞 ap |
			| ng | ㅇ | 강 gang |

			### Linking (연음)
			If the next syllable starts with the silent **ㅇ**, the batchim **moves over** and is pronounced in full:
			- 한국어 → [한구거] **hangugeo**
			- 음악 → [으막] **eumak**
			- 옷이 → [오시] **osi**

			### Nasalization
			A k/t/p sound before ㄴ or ㅁ becomes ng/n/m: **감사합니다** → [감사함니다] **gamsahamnida**.
		`,
			script: `
			각 | gak
			간 | gan
			갈 | gal
			감 | gam
			갑 | gap
			강 | gang
			옷 | ot
			밖 | bak
			앞 | ap
			꽃 | kkot
		`,
			words: `
			한국 | Korea
			사람 | person
			물 | water
			밥 | rice; meal
			책 | book
			빵 | bread
			김치 | kimchi
			선생님 | teacher
			학생 | student
			음식 | food
			옷 | clothes
			꽃 | flower
			서울 | Seoul
			한국어 | Korean (language)
			음악 | music
		`,
			sentences: `
			감사합니다 | Thank you.
			한국 사람 | a Korean person
		`,
			drills: `
			The final ㅅ in 옷 sounds like: | t | s; ch; sh
			The final ㅂ in 밥 sounds like: | p | b; m; silent
			How is 음악 read? | eumak | eum-ak; eumag; umak | The ㅁ links to the next syllable.
			How is 감사합니다 read? | gamsahamnida | gamsahapnida; kamsahabnida; gamsahabnida | ㅂ before ㄴ becomes m.
			How is 한국어 read? | hangugeo | hanguk-eo; hangukeo; hangukgeo
		`
		})
	]
);