website/scripts/stats/history-events.json

{
	"events": [
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "dutch-revolt",
			"year": 1568,
			"year_end": 1648,
			"date_label": "23 May 1568",
			"title": "Dutch Revolt begins",
			"summary": "The Battle of Heiligerlee opens the Eighty Years' War of the Low Countries against Habsburg Spain.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "union-of-utrecht",
			"year": 1579,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Union of Utrecht",
			"summary": "The northern provinces sign a defensive union that becomes the basis of the Dutch Republic.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "act-of-abjuration",
			"year": 1581,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "26 July 1581",
			"title": "Act of Abjuration",
			"summary": "The States General renounce Philip II as their sovereign, a de facto declaration of independence.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "golden-age",
			"year": 1588,
			"year_end": 1672,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "The Dutch Golden Age",
			"summary": "About a century in which the Republic leads Europe in trade, science, shipping and painting (Rembrandt, Vermeer, Hals).",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "voc",
			"year": 1602,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "20 March 1602",
			"title": "Dutch East India Company (VOC) founded",
			"summary": "The VOC is chartered as a trading monopoly for Asia; it issues the first widely traded shares on the Amsterdam exchange.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "wic",
			"year": 1621,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Dutch West India Company (WIC) chartered",
			"summary": "The WIC gets the monopoly on Dutch trade with the Americas and West Africa, including the Atlantic slave trade.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "tulip-mania",
			"year": 1637,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Tulip mania collapses",
			"summary": "Prices of tulip bulb contracts crash in February 1637, often cited as the first recorded speculative bubble.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_mania"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "peace-of-munster",
			"year": 1648,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "30 January 1648",
			"title": "Peace of Münster",
			"summary": "Spain recognises the independence of the Dutch Republic, ending the Eighty Years' War.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "rampjaar",
			"year": 1672,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Rampjaar, the disaster year",
			"summary": "France, England, Münster and Cologne attack the Republic; Johan and Cornelis de Witt are lynched in The Hague.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampjaar"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "batavian-republic",
			"year": 1795,
			"year_end": 1806,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Batavian Republic",
			"summary": "French-backed patriots end the old Republic; the stadtholder flees to Britain.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavian_Republic"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "kingdom",
			"year": 1815,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "United Kingdom of the Netherlands",
			"summary": "After Napoleon, the north and the southern Netherlands form one kingdom under William I.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "belgian-revolution",
			"year": 1830,
			"year_end": 1839,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Belgian Revolution",
			"summary": "The southern provinces break away; the Netherlands recognises Belgium in the Treaty of London (1839).",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "constitution-1848",
			"year": 1848,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Constitution of 1848",
			"summary": "Thorbecke's revision introduces ministerial responsibility and direct elections for the House of Representatives.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "abolition",
			"year": 1863,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "1 July 1863",
			"title": "Slavery abolished in Suriname and the Antilles",
			"summary": "Slavery ends on 1 July 1863 (Keti Koti), followed by ten years of compulsory state-supervised labour in Suriname.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keti_Koti"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "pacification",
			"year": 1917,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Pacification of 1917",
			"summary": "Universal male suffrage, proportional representation and equal funding for religious schools; women get the vote in 1919.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacificatie_van_1917"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "afsluitdijk",
			"year": 1932,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "28 May 1932",
			"title": "Afsluitdijk closes the Zuiderzee",
			"summary": "The 32 km dam turns the Zuiderzee into the IJsselmeer, part of the Zuiderzee Works.",
			"theme": "science",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "occupation",
			"year": 1940,
			"year_end": 1945,
			"date_label": "10 May 1940",
			"title": "German invasion and occupation",
			"summary": "Germany invades on 10 May 1940 and bombs Rotterdam on 14 May; the country is occupied until 1945.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Netherlands"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "february-strike",
			"year": 1941,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "25 February 1941",
			"title": "February strike",
			"summary": "A general strike in Amsterdam against the persecution of Jews, the only mass protest of its kind in occupied Europe.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_strike"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "holocaust",
			"year": 1942,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Deportation of Dutch Jews",
			"summary": "About 102,000 of the 140,000 Jews in the Netherlands are murdered, among them Anne Frank.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "hunger-winter",
			"year": 1944,
			"year_end": 1945,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Hunger Winter",
			"summary": "A famine in the occupied west kills about 20,000 people in the winter of 1944–45.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "liberation",
			"year": 1945,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "5 May 1945",
			"title": "Liberation",
			"summary": "German forces in the Netherlands capitulate; 5 May is Liberation Day.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "indonesia",
			"year": 1949,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "27 December 1949",
			"title": "Indonesian independence recognised",
			"summary": "After four years of war the Netherlands transfers sovereignty to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "nato",
			"year": 1949,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "4 April 1949",
			"title": "Founding member of NATO",
			"summary": "The Netherlands signs the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington, ending its policy of neutrality.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "ecsc",
			"year": 1951,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "18 April 1951",
			"title": "European Coal and Steel Community",
			"summary": "The Netherlands is one of six founders of the ECSC (Treaty of Paris), the first step to the EU.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "flood-1953",
			"year": 1953,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "1 February 1953",
			"title": "North Sea flood",
			"summary": "The storm flood of 1 February kills 1,836 people in the Netherlands and leads to the Delta Works.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "treaty-of-rome",
			"year": 1957,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "25 March 1957",
			"title": "Treaties of Rome",
			"summary": "The six ECSC members found the European Economic Community and Euratom.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "groningen-gas",
			"year": 1959,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Groningen gas field discovered",
			"summary": "One of the largest natural gas fields in the world is found at Slochteren; production ends in 2024.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_gas_field"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "suriname",
			"year": 1975,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "25 November 1975",
			"title": "Suriname independent",
			"summary": "Suriname becomes an independent republic on 25 November 1975.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Suriname"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "maastricht",
			"year": 1992,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "7 February 1992",
			"title": "Maastricht Treaty",
			"summary": "Signed in Maastricht, the treaty creates the European Union and the path to the euro.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "same-sex-marriage",
			"year": 2001,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "1 April 2001",
			"title": "First country with same-sex marriage",
			"summary": "On 1 April 2001 the Netherlands becomes the first country to open civil marriage to same-sex couples.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "euro",
			"year": 2002,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "1 January 2002",
			"title": "Euro cash replaces the guilder",
			"summary": "Euro notes and coins come into circulation on 1 January 2002.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "fortuyn",
			"year": 2002,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "6 May 2002",
			"title": "Pim Fortuyn assassinated",
			"summary": "The populist politician is murdered nine days before the general election, the first political assassination in modern Dutch history.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Pim_Fortuyn"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "antilles-dissolved",
			"year": 2010,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "10 October 2010",
			"title": "Netherlands Antilles dissolved",
			"summary": "Curaçao and Sint Maarten become countries within the Kingdom; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba become special municipalities.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles"
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "willem-alexander",
			"year": 2013,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "30 April 2013",
			"title": "Willem-Alexander becomes king",
			"summary": "Queen Beatrix abdicates; Willem-Alexander is the first Dutch king since 1890.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "first-mention",
			"year": 1139,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Gouwe first mentioned",
			"summary": "The river Gouwe appears in a charter of the Bishop of Utrecht; the settlement itself is named in a charter of the Count of Holland in 1143.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "city-rights",
			"year": 1272,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "City rights from Floris V",
			"summary": "Count Floris V of Holland grants Gouda city rights; recent research suggests earlier rights shortly before 1248.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "moats",
			"year": 1350,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Moats dug, city boundary fixed",
			"summary": "Around 1350 the singels are dug, fixing the boundary of the inner city for centuries.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "fire-1361",
			"year": 1361,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Great fire",
			"summary": "Almost the whole town burns down, including the first Sint-Janskerk.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "castle",
			"year": 1361,
			"year_end": 1384,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Castle of Gouda built",
			"summary": "The counts of Blois build a castle where the Gouwe meets the Hollandse IJssel (1361–1384); demolition starts in 1577.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasteel_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "fire-1438",
			"year": 1438,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Second great fire",
			"summary": "The fire of 1438 leaves only a few houses standing; afterwards houses are more often built of brick.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "city-hall",
			"year": 1448,
			"year_end": 1450,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Gothic city hall",
			"summary": "Built 1448–1450 on the Markt, one of the oldest Gothic city halls in the Netherlands.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadhuis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "beer",
			"year": 1450,
			"year_end": 1568,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Beer and cloth town",
			"summary": "In the 15th and 16th centuries Gouda exports beer, mainly to northern Germany via Hamburg, and has a cloth industry; the trade collapses after 1568.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "erasmus",
			"year": 1473,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Erasmus at school in Gouda",
			"summary": "Erasmus attends the parish school in Gouda (1473–1478) and later lives in the nearby Stein monastery.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "church-fire",
			"year": 1552,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Sint-Janskerk burns and is rebuilt",
			"summary": "Lightning sets the church on fire; it is rebuilt as the longest church in the Netherlands.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Janskerk_(Gouda)"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "stained-glass",
			"year": 1530,
			"year_end": 1603,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "The Goudse Glazen",
			"summary": "Dirck and Wouter Crabeth and others make the stained-glass windows of the Sint-Janskerk (1530–1603), the most significant collection in the Netherlands.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Janskerk_(Gouda)"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "revolt",
			"year": 1572,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Gouda joins the Revolt",
			"summary": "Geuzen under Adriaen van Swieten occupy the town, which sides with William of Orange; the church passes to the Reformed in 1573.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "houtman",
			"year": 1595,
			"year_end": 1597,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "De Houtman brothers sail to the East Indies",
			"summary": "Gouda-born Cornelis and Frederick de Houtman lead the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies (1595–1597).",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "pipes",
			"year": 1617,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Clay pipe industry begins",
			"summary": "Willem Baernelts starts making clay pipes in Gouda; Goudse pijpen become a major export.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "waag",
			"year": 1667,
			"year_end": 1668,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "The Waag for cheese weighing",
			"summary": "The weigh house designed by Pieter Post is built across from the city hall to weigh goods, especially cheese.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waag_(Gouda)"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "plague-1673",
			"year": 1673,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Worst plague epidemic",
			"summary": "2,995 people, about 20% of the population, die of plague.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "goejanverwelle",
			"year": 1787,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Princess Wilhelmina stopped at Goejanverwellesluis",
			"summary": "Gouda patriots stop the wife of stadtholder William V; the incident triggers the Prussian invasion of the Republic.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goejanverwellesluis"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "stroopwafel",
			"year": 1810,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "First stroopwafels",
			"summary": "Baker Gerard Kamphuisen is credited with the first syrup waffles, between 1810 and 1840; Gouda later has over 100 stroopwafel bakers.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroopwafel"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "walls-demolished",
			"year": 1830,
			"year_end": 1854,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "City walls demolished",
			"summary": "Demolition of the walls starts in 1830; the last gate, the Tiendewegspoort, goes in 1854.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "candle-factory",
			"year": 1853,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Stearine candle factory",
			"summary": "Pharmacist A.A.G. van Iterson and partners found the Stearine Kaarsenfabriek; Gouda candles become an export product.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "railway",
			"year": 1855,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Railway to Utrecht and Rotterdam",
			"summary": "Gouda station opens on the new Rotterdam–Utrecht line; The Hague follows in 1870.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouda_railway_station"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "pottery",
			"year": 1898,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Gouda pottery",
			"summary": "Plateelbakkerij Zuid-Holland starts in 1898; Gouds plateel becomes a household name until after WWII.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "holocaust",
			"year": 1942,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Jews of Gouda deported",
			"summary": "328 Jewish inhabitants of Gouda are murdered in the Holocaust; about 40 survive.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "bombing-1944",
			"year": 1944,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Station bombed",
			"summary": "Allied bombing of the railway on 6 and 26 November 1944 kills at least 25 people.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "kaarsjesavond",
			"year": 1956,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Gouda by Candlelight",
			"summary": "The oldest festival of lights in the Netherlands: each December the Christmas tree from sister city Kongsberg is lit on the Markt, with the city hall lit by candles.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouda_bij_Kaarslicht"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "bloemendaal",
			"year": 1968,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Expansion: Bloemendaal",
			"summary": "Construction of the Bloemendaal district starts; Gouda nearly triples in size after the war.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "pig-market",
			"year": 1977,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Pig market ends, cheese market stays",
			"summary": "The weekly pig and piglet market, the largest in the Netherlands, leaves the city; the Thursday cheese market continues for tourists.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "gouda-750",
			"year": 2022,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Gouda 750",
			"summary": "The city celebrates 750 years of city rights.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "archaic",
			"year": -3700,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Earliest human traces",
			"summary": "Charcoal at Saliña Sint Marie points to human activity around 3700 BCE; Rooi Rincon has finds from about 2900–2300 BCE.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "caquetio",
			"year": 450,
			"year_end": 1500,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Caquetío settlements",
			"summary": "Arawak-speaking Caquetío from north-western Venezuela live in small villages (pottery dated c. 450–1500 CE).",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "ojeda",
			"year": 1499,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "26 July 1499",
			"title": "Alonso de Ojeda arrives",
			"summary": "The Spaniard is the first European to visit, on 26 July 1499; about 2,000 Caquetío live on the island.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "deportation-1515",
			"year": 1515,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Caquetío enslaved",
			"summary": "By 1515 almost all Caquetío have been enslaved and taken to Hispaniola.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "spanish-settlement",
			"year": 1527,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Spanish settlement",
			"summary": "Spain settles the island, governs it from Venezuela and uses it as a cattle ranch, the \"isla inútil\".",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "wic-1634",
			"year": 1634,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Dutch West India Company takes Curaçao",
			"summary": "A WIC fleet under Johannes van Walbeeck takes the island; the Spanish surrender in August 1634.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "fort-amsterdam",
			"year": 1635,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Fort Amsterdam and Willemstad",
			"summary": "Construction of Fort Amsterdam starts at the mouth of Sint Anna Bay; Willemstad grows from it.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Amsterdam_(Cura%C3%A7ao)"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "stuyvesant",
			"year": 1642,
			"year_end": 1644,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Peter Stuyvesant governor",
			"summary": "Stuyvesant governs Curaçao (1642–1644) before going to New Amsterdam.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "mikve-israel",
			"year": 1651,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Sephardic Jewish congregation",
			"summary": "Sephardic Jews from Amsterdam and Dutch Brazil found Mikvé Israel, the oldest active Jewish congregation in the Americas; its synagogue dates from 1732.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_synagogue"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "slave-trade",
			"year": 1662,
			"year_end": 1795,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Hub of the Atlantic slave trade",
			"summary": "Curaçao becomes a main WIC depot: enslaved Africans are sold in Willemstad and shipped on to Spanish America; 24,000 people in 1662–1669 alone.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "free-port",
			"year": 1674,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Free port",
			"summary": "The WIC makes Curaçao a free port, one of the most prosperous islands in the Caribbean in the 17th century.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "tula",
			"year": 1795,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "17 August 1795",
			"title": "Tula slave revolt",
			"summary": "On 17 August 1795 Tula and some 40–50 others refuse to work and demand their freedom; the revolt grows to about 2,000 people and lasts over a month. Tula is executed on 3 October; 17 August is now a day of remembrance.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_(Cura%C3%A7ao)"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "british",
			"year": 1800,
			"year_end": 1816,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "British occupations",
			"summary": "Britain holds Curaçao in 1800–1803 and 1807–1816 before returning it to the Dutch.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "bolivar",
			"year": 1812,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Refuge in the Latin American wars of independence",
			"summary": "Simón Bolívar stays on the island in 1812; Curaçaoans Manuel Piar and Luis Brión fight for Venezuelan and Colombian independence.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Piar"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "abolition",
			"year": 1863,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "1 July 1863",
			"title": "Slavery abolished",
			"summary": "Slavery ends on 1 July 1863; owners are compensated, the enslaved are not.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "isla-refinery",
			"year": 1915,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Shell builds the Isla refinery",
			"summary": "After oil is found in Venezuela, Shell builds a refinery on the Schottegat (first cargo 1918); it becomes one of the largest in the world.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Refinery"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "urbina",
			"year": 1929,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "8 June 1929",
			"title": "Raid on Fort Amsterdam",
			"summary": "Venezuelan rebel Rafael Simón Urbina seizes the fort and kidnaps the governor.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "ww2",
			"year": 1942,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "U-boat attacks on the oil hub",
			"summary": "Curaçao refines fuel for the Allies; German submarines attack tankers and the coast in 1942.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "charter-1954",
			"year": 1954,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "15 December 1954",
			"title": "Charter for the Kingdom",
			"summary": "The Netherlands Antilles become an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "trinta-di-mei",
			"year": 1969,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "30 May 1969",
			"title": "Trinta di Mei uprising",
			"summary": "A labour dispute at the Shell refinery on 30 May 1969 becomes a revolt; parts of Willemstad burn. It reshapes Afro-Curaçaoan political representation.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Cura%C3%A7ao_uprising"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "shell-leaves",
			"year": 1985,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Shell leaves, PDVSA leases the refinery",
			"summary": "Shell sells the refinery to the Curaçao government for one guilder; Venezuela's PDVSA leases and runs it.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Refinery"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "unesco-willemstad",
			"year": 1997,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Willemstad on the World Heritage list",
			"summary": "The historic area of Willemstad, inner city and harbour, is inscribed by UNESCO.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willemstad"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "papiamentu-official",
			"year": 2007,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Papiamentu an official language",
			"summary": "Papiamentu becomes an official language alongside Dutch and English.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "10-10-10",
			"year": 2010,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "10 October 2010",
			"title": "Country within the Kingdom",
			"summary": "On 10 October 2010 Curaçao becomes a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "wiels",
			"year": 2013,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "5 May 2013",
			"title": "Helmin Wiels murdered",
			"summary": "The leader of the Pueblo Soberano party is shot dead on 5 May 2013.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmin_Wiels"
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "refinery-closes",
			"year": 2019,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Refinery stops",
			"summary": "The Isla refinery goes out of commission on 31 December 2019 amid US sanctions on Venezuela and a lack of crude.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Refinery"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "jamestown",
			"year": 1607,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Jamestown founded",
			"summary": "The first permanent English settlement in North America is founded in Virginia.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "1619",
			"year": 1619,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "First enslaved Africans in Virginia",
			"summary": "About 20 enslaved Africans arrive at Point Comfort, Virginia.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "mayflower",
			"year": 1620,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Mayflower and Plymouth Colony",
			"summary": "Pilgrims sign the Mayflower Compact and found Plymouth Colony.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "revolution",
			"year": 1775,
			"year_end": 1783,
			"date_label": "19 April 1775",
			"title": "American Revolutionary War",
			"summary": "Fighting at Lexington and Concord starts the war against Britain; it ends with the Treaty of Paris in 1783.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "independence",
			"year": 1776,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "4 July 1776",
			"title": "Declaration of Independence",
			"summary": "The Second Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence on 4 July 1776.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "constitution",
			"year": 1787,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "17 September 1787",
			"title": "Constitution",
			"summary": "The Constitution is signed in Philadelphia and ratified in 1788; Washington becomes president in 1789.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "louisiana",
			"year": 1803,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Louisiana Purchase",
			"summary": "The US buys about 2.1 million km² from France, doubling its size.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "indian-removal",
			"year": 1830,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Indian Removal Act",
			"summary": "The forced removal of Native nations west of the Mississippi follows, including the Trail of Tears.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "mexican-war",
			"year": 1846,
			"year_end": 1848,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Mexican–American War",
			"summary": "Mexico cedes California and the Southwest in 1848; the California Gold Rush starts the same year.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "civil-war",
			"year": 1861,
			"year_end": 1865,
			"date_label": "12 April 1861",
			"title": "Civil War",
			"summary": "Eleven slave states secede; about 620,000–750,000 soldiers die before the Union wins in 1865.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "emancipation",
			"year": 1863,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "1 January 1863",
			"title": "Emancipation Proclamation",
			"summary": "Lincoln declares enslaved people in the rebel states free; the 13th Amendment abolishes slavery in 1865.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "railroad",
			"year": 1869,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "10 May 1869",
			"title": "Transcontinental railroad",
			"summary": "The first transcontinental railroad is completed at Promontory Summit, Utah.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "spanish-american",
			"year": 1898,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Spanish–American War",
			"summary": "The US gains Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines and annexes Hawaii.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "ww1",
			"year": 1917,
			"year_end": 1918,
			"date_label": "6 April 1917",
			"title": "Enters World War I",
			"summary": "The US declares war on Germany on 6 April 1917.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "19th-amendment",
			"year": 1920,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Women's suffrage",
			"summary": "The 19th Amendment guarantees women the right to vote.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "great-depression",
			"year": 1929,
			"year_end": 1939,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Wall Street Crash and Great Depression",
			"summary": "The October 1929 crash opens the Great Depression; unemployment reaches about 25% in 1933.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "new-deal",
			"year": 1933,
			"year_end": 1939,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "New Deal",
			"summary": "Franklin D. Roosevelt's programmes include Social Security (1935) and large public works.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "ww2",
			"year": 1941,
			"year_end": 1945,
			"date_label": "7 December 1941",
			"title": "Pearl Harbor and World War II",
			"summary": "Japan attacks Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 and the US enters the war.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "hiroshima",
			"year": 1945,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "6 and 9 August 1945",
			"title": "Atomic bombs and the UN",
			"summary": "The US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; the United Nations is founded in San Francisco.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "cold-war",
			"year": 1947,
			"year_end": 1991,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Cold War begins",
			"summary": "The Truman Doctrine (1947) and the Marshall Plan commit the US to containing the Soviet Union.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "korean-war",
			"year": 1950,
			"year_end": 1953,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Korean War",
			"summary": "US-led UN forces fight in Korea until the 1953 armistice.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "brown",
			"year": 1954,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "17 May 1954",
			"title": "Brown v. Board of Education",
			"summary": "The Supreme Court rules racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "cuban-missile",
			"year": 1962,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "October 1962",
			"title": "Cuban Missile Crisis",
			"summary": "A 13-day stand-off with the Soviet Union over missiles in Cuba.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "civil-rights-act",
			"year": 1964,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "2 July 1964",
			"title": "Civil Rights Act",
			"summary": "Outlaws discrimination by race, colour, religion, sex or national origin; the Voting Rights Act follows in 1965.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "vietnam",
			"year": 1965,
			"year_end": 1973,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Vietnam War",
			"summary": "US combat troops fight in Vietnam from 1965; the last leave in 1973 and Saigon falls in 1975.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "moon",
			"year": 1969,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "20 July 1969",
			"title": "Moon landing",
			"summary": "Apollo 11 lands on the Moon; Neil Armstrong is the first person to walk on it.",
			"theme": "science",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "watergate",
			"year": 1974,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "9 August 1974",
			"title": "Watergate: Nixon resigns",
			"summary": "Richard Nixon is the first president to resign.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "cold-war-end",
			"year": 1991,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "End of the Cold War",
			"summary": "The Soviet Union dissolves in December 1991, leaving the US as the sole superpower.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "internet",
			"year": 1993,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "The web goes mainstream",
			"summary": "The Mosaic browser (1993) and the commercial internet start the dot-com era.",
			"theme": "science",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "9-11",
			"year": 2001,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "11 September 2001",
			"title": "September 11 attacks",
			"summary": "Al-Qaeda attacks kill nearly 3,000 people; the wars in Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003) follow.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "financial-crisis",
			"year": 2008,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Financial crisis",
			"summary": "The collapse of Lehman Brothers deepens the Great Recession.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "obama",
			"year": 2008,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Barack Obama elected",
			"summary": "The first African-American president is elected in November 2008.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "covid",
			"year": 2020,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "COVID-19 pandemic",
			"summary": "More than 1.1 million deaths in the US by 2023.",
			"theme": "society",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "jan-6",
			"year": 2021,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "6 January 2021",
			"title": "Capitol attack",
			"summary": "Supporters of Donald Trump storm the Capitol on 6 January 2021 to stop the certification of the 2020 election.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "joseon",
			"year": 1392,
			"year_end": 1897,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Joseon dynasty founded",
			"summary": "Yi Seong-gye founds Joseon, which rules Korea for over five centuries with Seoul (Hanyang) as capital.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "hangul",
			"year": 1446,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "1446",
			"title": "Hangul promulgated",
			"summary": "King Sejong publishes the Korean alphabet in the Hunminjeongeum; 9 October is Hangul Day.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "imjin",
			"year": 1592,
			"year_end": 1598,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Imjin War",
			"summary": "Japan invades twice (1592–1598); Admiral Yi Sun-sin's navy and Ming China help repel it.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imjin_War"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "manchu",
			"year": 1636,
			"year_end": 1637,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Qing invasion",
			"summary": "The Qing invasion forces Joseon to become a tributary of the Qing.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "ganghwa",
			"year": 1876,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Treaty of Ganghwa",
			"summary": "An unequal treaty forced by Japan opens Korean ports.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1876"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "korean-empire",
			"year": 1897,
			"year_end": 1910,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Korean Empire",
			"summary": "King Gojong proclaims the Korean Empire.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Empire"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "protectorate",
			"year": 1905,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Japanese protectorate",
			"summary": "The Eulsa Treaty makes Korea a Japanese protectorate.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "annexation",
			"year": 1910,
			"year_end": 1945,
			"date_label": "29 August 1910",
			"title": "Japanese rule",
			"summary": "Japan annexes Korea; colonial rule lasts until 1945, with forced labour and wartime sexual slavery.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "march-1st",
			"year": 1919,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "1 March 1919",
			"title": "March 1st Movement",
			"summary": "Nationwide protests for independence; the Provisional Government is founded in Shanghai.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1st_Movement"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "liberation",
			"year": 1945,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "15 August 1945",
			"title": "Liberation and division",
			"summary": "Japan surrenders; the Soviet Union and the US occupy Korea north and south of the 38th parallel.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Korea"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "roc-founded",
			"year": 1948,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "15 August 1948",
			"title": "Republic of Korea founded",
			"summary": "Syngman Rhee becomes the first president; North Korea is proclaimed in September.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "korean-war",
			"year": 1950,
			"year_end": 1953,
			"date_label": "25 June 1950",
			"title": "Korean War",
			"summary": "North Korea invades on 25 June 1950; the armistice of 27 July 1953 leaves the peninsula divided.",
			"theme": "war",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "april-revolution",
			"year": 1960,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "April Revolution",
			"summary": "Student-led protests force Syngman Rhee to resign.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Revolution"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "park-coup",
			"year": 1961,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "16 May 1961",
			"title": "Park Chung-hee seizes power",
			"summary": "The 16 May coup begins 18 years of military-led rule.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_16_coup"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "five-year-plans",
			"year": 1962,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Growth miracle begins",
			"summary": "The first five-year economic plan starts export-led industrialisation, the \"Miracle on the Han River\".",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "japan-normalisation",
			"year": 1965,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Relations with Japan normalised",
			"summary": "The Treaty on Basic Relations brings Japanese grants and loans used for industry.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_Basic_Relations_between_Japan_and_the_Republic_of_Korea"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "heavy-industry",
			"year": 1973,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Heavy and chemical industry drive",
			"summary": "State-backed chaebol such as Hyundai and POSCO build steel, ships, cars and chemicals.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "gwangju",
			"year": 1980,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "18–27 May 1980",
			"title": "Gwangju Uprising",
			"summary": "Protests against Chun Doo-hwan's martial law are crushed by the army; hundreds are killed.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Uprising"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "june-struggle",
			"year": 1987,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "June 1987",
			"title": "June Democratic Struggle",
			"summary": "Mass protests force direct presidential elections; the 1987 constitution founds the Sixth Republic.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Democratic_Struggle"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "seoul-olympics",
			"year": 1988,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Seoul Olympics",
			"summary": "The Summer Olympics showcase the newly democratic, industrialised country.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "oecd",
			"year": 1996,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Joins the OECD",
			"summary": "South Korea becomes the 29th member of the OECD.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "imf-crisis",
			"year": 1997,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Asian financial crisis",
			"summary": "South Korea takes a US$58 billion IMF-led rescue; people donate gold to help repay it.",
			"theme": "economy",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "summit-2000",
			"year": 2000,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "June 2000",
			"title": "First inter-Korean summit",
			"summary": "Kim Dae-jung meets Kim Jong Il in Pyongyang and receives the Nobel Peace Prize.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_inter-Korean_summit"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "world-cup",
			"year": 2002,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "World Cup co-host",
			"summary": "South Korea and Japan co-host the World Cup; Korea reaches the semi-finals.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "gangnam-style",
			"year": 2012,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "Gangnam Style",
			"summary": "PSY's video becomes the first on YouTube to pass one billion views, a milestone of the Korean Wave.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangnam_Style"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "park-impeachment",
			"year": 2017,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "10 March 2017",
			"title": "President Park impeached",
			"summary": "After the candlelight protests the Constitutional Court removes Park Geun-hye from office.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_of_Park_Geun-hye"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "pyeongchang",
			"year": 2018,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": null,
			"title": "PyeongChang Winter Olympics",
			"summary": "North and South Korea march together; inter-Korean summits follow.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "parasite",
			"year": 2020,
			"year_end": null,
			"date_label": "9 February 2020",
			"title": "Parasite wins Best Picture",
			"summary": "Bong Joon-ho's film is the first non-English-language winner of the Academy Award for Best Picture.",
			"theme": "culture",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite_(2019_film)"
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "martial-law",
			"year": 2024,
			"year_end": 2025,
			"date_label": "3 December 2024",
			"title": "Martial law crisis",
			"summary": "President Yoon Suk Yeol declares martial law on 3 December 2024; parliament overturns it within hours and impeaches him. He is removed on 4 April 2025.",
			"theme": "politics",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_South_Korean_martial_law"
		}
	],
	"facts": [
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "cuisine",
			"topic": "cuisine",
			"title": "Cheese, herring and stamppot",
			"body": "Dutch food is plain and dairy-heavy: Gouda and Edam cheese, raw herring, stamppot, poffertjes and stroopwafels.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_cuisine",
			"sort": 0
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "golden-age-painting",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Golden Age painting",
			"body": "Rembrandt, Vermeer, Frans Hals and Jan Steen made 17th-century Dutch painting a lasting cultural export.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting",
			"sort": 1
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "van-gogh",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Van Gogh",
			"body": "Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) is among the most famous painters in history.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh",
			"sort": 2
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "de-stijl",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "De Stijl and Dutch design",
			"body": "Mondrian and Rietveld's De Stijl (1917) shaped modernism; Dutch Design (Droog, 1993) continued the line.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Stijl",
			"sort": 3
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "edm",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Electronic dance music",
			"body": "Dutch DJs such as Tiësto, Armin van Buuren and Martin Garrix lead global dance music; ADE in Amsterdam is a major industry event.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands",
			"sort": 4
		},
		{
			"place": "NLD",
			"slug": "total-football",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Total Football",
			"body": "Rinus Michels and Johan Cruyff's Total Football (1970s) changed how the game is played.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Football",
			"sort": 5
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "cheese",
			"topic": "cuisine",
			"title": "Gouda cheese",
			"body": "Named after the town where it was traded and weighed in the Waag; the Thursday cheese market still runs for visitors.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouda_cheese",
			"sort": 0
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "stroopwafel",
			"topic": "cuisine",
			"title": "Stroopwafels",
			"body": "Syrup waffles were first baked in Gouda in the early 19th century.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroopwafel",
			"sort": 1
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "candles",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Gouda candles",
			"body": "Candles from the 1853 Stearine Kaarsenfabriek made Gouda a candle town; Gouda by Candlelight each December.",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda",
			"sort": 2
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "pipes-pottery",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Clay pipes and Gouda pottery",
			"body": "Goudse pijpen from 1617 and Gouds plateel (from about 1898) were sold far beyond the region.",
			"source_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Gouda",
			"sort": 3
		},
		{
			"place": "GM0513",
			"slug": "glazen",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Goudse Glazen",
			"body": "The 16th-century stained-glass windows of the Sint-Janskerk are the most important collection in the Netherlands.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Janskerk_(Gouda)",
			"sort": 4
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "keshi-yena",
			"topic": "cuisine",
			"title": "Keshi yená",
			"body": "Stuffed cheese: a hollowed Edam or Gouda filled with spiced meat, from the colonial era.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshi_yena",
			"sort": 0
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "cuisine",
			"topic": "cuisine",
			"title": "Kriyoyo cooking",
			"body": "Stobá (stew), funchi (cornmeal), pastechi and fried fish: Creole food mixing African, Dutch, Spanish and Latin American influences.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#Cuisine",
			"sort": 1
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "blue-curacao",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Curaçao liqueur",
			"body": "The liqueur is made from the dried peel of the laraha, a bitter orange; Senior & Co. distills it at Landhuis Chobolobo.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)",
			"sort": 2
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "tambu",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Tambú",
			"body": "An Afro-Curaçaoan drum-and-song genre with roots in slavery, once banned and now a symbol of identity.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamb%C3%BA",
			"sort": 3
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "papiamentu",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Papiamentu",
			"body": "A creole language with Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and African roots, spoken by most of the population.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento",
			"sort": 4
		},
		{
			"place": "CUW",
			"slug": "willemstad",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Willemstad's colours",
			"body": "Handelskade and the Dutch colonial townscape are on the UNESCO World Heritage list (1997).",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willemstad",
			"sort": 5
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "cuisine",
			"topic": "cuisine",
			"title": "Hamburgers, barbecue and fast food",
			"body": "American cuisine spread worldwide through fast-food chains; regional barbecue, Tex-Mex and soul food are distinctly American.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_cuisine",
			"sort": 0
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "hollywood",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Hollywood",
			"body": "Since the 1910s Hollywood has been the centre of the global film industry.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States",
			"sort": 1
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "jazz-blues",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Jazz, blues and rock 'n' roll",
			"body": "African-American music (blues, jazz, rock 'n' roll, hip hop) became the basis of popular music worldwide.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States",
			"sort": 2
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "silicon-valley",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Silicon Valley",
			"body": "Apple, Google, Meta and others made Silicon Valley the centre of the global tech industry.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley",
			"sort": 3
		},
		{
			"place": "USA",
			"slug": "sport",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "NBA and Super Bowl",
			"body": "Basketball (invented 1891) and the NBA are a global export; the Super Bowl is one of the most-watched broadcasts.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball",
			"sort": 4
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "kimchi",
			"topic": "cuisine",
			"title": "Kimchi and kimjang",
			"body": "Fermented vegetables are part of almost every meal; kimjang, making kimchi together, is on UNESCO's intangible heritage list (2013).",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimchi",
			"sort": 0
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "cuisine",
			"topic": "cuisine",
			"title": "Korean barbecue and bibimbap",
			"body": "Bulgogi, galbi, bibimbap and fried chicken have spread worldwide with the Korean Wave.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_cuisine",
			"sort": 1
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "kpop",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "K-pop",
			"body": "BTS, Blackpink and others made K-pop a global industry, built on idol training systems.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop",
			"sort": 2
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "kdrama",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "K-dramas",
			"body": "Korean TV series, from Winter Sonata (2002) to Squid Game (2021), started the Hallyu (Korean Wave).",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama",
			"sort": 3
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "cinema",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Korean cinema",
			"body": "Parasite (2019) won the Palme d'Or and the Oscar for Best Picture.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea",
			"sort": 4
		},
		{
			"place": "KOR",
			"slug": "tech",
			"topic": "export",
			"title": "Samsung and Hyundai",
			"body": "Chaebol made South Korea a leader in memory chips, phones, ships and cars.",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung",
			"sort": 5
		}
	],
	"series": [
		{
			"series_id": "hist:pop:GM0513",
			"title": "Gouda population (historical estimates)",
			"unit": "people",
			"region_code": "GM0513",
			"source_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland#Demographics",
			"note": "Lourens & Lucassen (1997), Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca. 1300–1800, pp. 107–108, as tabulated on Wikipedia",
			"points": [
				[1382, 4500],
				[1398, 5000],
				[1477, 12600],
				[1494, 7200],
				[1514, 7623],
				[1560, 9000],
				[1622, 14627],
				[1632, 13300],
				[1665, 15000],
				[1732, 20000],
				[1795, 11715]
			]
		},
		{
			"series_id": "cbscw:census2023:language",
			"title": "Most spoken language at home, Census 2023",
			"unit": "%",
			"region_code": "CUW",
			"source_url": "https://senso.cbs.cw/talen-gesproken-in-curacao-resultaten-census-2023",
			"note": "CBS Curaçao, Eerste resultaten Census 2023 (first language at home; 147,498 respondents)",
			"shares": {
				"Papiamentu": 78.0,
				"Spanish": 8.4,
				"Dutch": 7.9,
				"English": 3.8,
				"Other": 2.0
			},
			"year": 2023
		}
	]
}