Stan Runge
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Dutch and Korean (explained in English) and English (explained in Dutch) from A1 to C1, with a Hangul level for Korean. Lessons with notes, words and sentences generate multiple-choice, typing, sentence building, cloze, listening and matching exercises. Endless challenges: a seeded daily challenge, sprint, survival, mixed practice, level tests, spaced-repetition reviews and generated drills (numbers, clock times, de/het, plurals, Dutch and Korean conjugation, particles, Hangul reading, irregular verbs). Progress is stored in localStorage with export/import. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
335 lines
8.3 KiB
TypeScript
335 lines
8.3 KiB
TypeScript
import { lesson, level } from '../../course';
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export default level(
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'hangul',
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'Hangul',
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'The alphabet',
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'Learn to read Korean in five short lessons. Everything after this is written in Hangul.',
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[
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lesson({
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id: 'ko-vowels',
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title: 'Basic vowels',
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summary: 'ㅏ ㅓ ㅗ ㅜ ㅡ ㅣ and how syllables are built',
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notes: `
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Hangul was invented in 1443 by King Sejong so that anyone could learn to read. It has 24 basic letters, grouped into **syllable blocks**.
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Every block starts with a consonant. If a syllable starts with a vowel sound, it uses the silent **ㅇ** as a placeholder: **아** = ㅇ + ㅏ = "a".
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| letter | sound | block |
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|---|---|---|
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| ㅏ | a (father) | 아 |
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| ㅓ | eo (like "u" in "up") | 어 |
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| ㅗ | o (more rounded) | 오 |
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| ㅜ | u (food) | 우 |
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| ㅡ | eu (unrounded "oo", lips flat) | 으 |
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| ㅣ | i (see) | 이 |
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**Vertical** vowels (ㅏ ㅓ ㅣ) go to the **right** of the consonant: 아, 어, 이.
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**Horizontal** vowels (ㅗ ㅜ ㅡ) go **below** it: 오, 우, 으.
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`,
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script: `
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ㅏ | a
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ㅓ | eo | like the u in "up"
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ㅗ | o
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ㅜ | u
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ㅡ | eu | lips spread, like a flat "oo"
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ㅣ | i
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아 | a
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어 | eo
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오 | o
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우 | u
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으 | eu
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이 | i
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`,
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words: `
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아이 | child
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오이 | cucumber
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이 | two; tooth
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오 | five
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`,
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drills: `
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Which vowel goes below the consonant? | ㅗ | ㅏ; ㅓ; ㅣ | Horizontal vowels go below.
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What does ㅇ sound like at the start of a syllable? | nothing (silent) | ng; o; h
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How is 어 read? | eo | a; o; u
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How is 으 read? | eu | u; o; i
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`
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}),
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lesson({
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id: 'ko-consonants',
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title: 'Basic consonants',
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summary: 'ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅎ',
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notes: `
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The consonant shapes show the mouth: **ㄱ** is the tongue touching the back of the mouth, **ㄴ** the tongue on the ridge behind the teeth, **ㅁ** the closed lips.
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| letter | sound | example |
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|---|---|---|
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| ㄱ | g / k | 가 ga |
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| ㄴ | n | 나 na |
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| ㄷ | d / t | 다 da |
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| ㄹ | r / l | 라 ra |
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| ㅁ | m | 마 ma |
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| ㅂ | b / p | 바 ba |
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| ㅅ | s (sh before ㅣ) | 사 sa, 시 si |
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| ㅇ | silent / ng | 아 a |
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| ㅈ | j | 자 ja |
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| ㅎ | h | 하 ha |
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ㄱ ㄷ ㅂ ㅈ sound softer than English k t p ch: somewhere between g/k, d/t, b/p.
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ㄹ is a quick flap between r and l, like the "tt" in American "butter".
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`,
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script: `
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ㄱ | g; k
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ㄴ | n
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ㄷ | d; t
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ㄹ | r; l
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ㅁ | m
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ㅂ | b; p
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ㅅ | s
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ㅈ | j
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ㅎ | h
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가 | ga
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나 | na
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다 | da
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라 | ra
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마 | ma
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바 | ba
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사 | sa
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자 | ja
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하 | ha
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고 | go
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두 | du
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미 | mi
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`,
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words: `
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나라 | country
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나무 | tree
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바다 | sea
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모자 | hat
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어머니 | mother
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아버지 | father
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가수 | singer
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하나 | one
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두부 | tofu
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지도 | map
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누나 | older sister (said by a male)
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라디오 | radio
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`,
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sentences: `
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어머니 아버지 | mother and father
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`,
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drills: `
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How is 나무 read? | namu | nabu; lamu; namo
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How is 바다 read? | bada | pata; bara; mada
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Which letter is "m"? | ㅁ | ㅂ; ㄴ; ㅇ
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Which letter is the r/l sound? | ㄹ | ㄷ; ㄴ; ㅎ
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`
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}),
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lesson({
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id: 'ko-strong-consonants',
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title: 'Aspirated and tense consonants',
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summary: 'ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅊ and ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ',
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notes: `
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Adding a stroke makes a consonant **aspirated** (with a puff of air). Doubling it makes it **tense** (no air, tight throat).
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| plain | aspirated | tense |
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|---|---|---|
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| ㄱ g | ㅋ k | ㄲ kk |
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| ㄷ d | ㅌ t | ㄸ tt |
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| ㅂ b | ㅍ p | ㅃ pp |
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| ㅈ j | ㅊ ch | ㅉ jj |
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| ㅅ s | | ㅆ ss |
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Hold a hand in front of your mouth: **카** should give a strong puff, **까** almost none (like the k in "skate").
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These three-way contrasts change meaning: **불** (fire), **풀** (grass), **뿔** (horn).
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`,
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script: `
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ㅋ | k
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ㅌ | t
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ㅍ | p
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ㅊ | ch
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ㄲ | kk
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ㄸ | tt
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ㅃ | pp
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ㅆ | ss
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ㅉ | jj
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카 | ka
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타 | ta
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파 | pa
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차 | cha
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까 | kka
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따 | tta
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빠 | ppa
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싸 | ssa
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짜 | jja
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`,
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words: `
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커피 | coffee
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차 | tea; car
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토마토 | tomato
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피자 | pizza
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아빠 | dad
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오빠 | older brother (said by a female)
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코 | nose
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치마 | skirt
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토끼 | rabbit
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기차 | train
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머리 | head; hair
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아저씨 | mister; middle-aged man
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`,
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sentences: `
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커피 주세요 | Coffee, please.
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`,
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drills: `
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Which one is aspirated (with a puff of air)? | ㅋ | ㄲ; ㄱ; ㅇ
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Which one is tense? | ㄸ | ㅌ; ㄷ; ㄹ
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How is 아빠 read? | appa | aba; apa; abba
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How is 치마 read? | chima | jima; kima; tima
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How is 토끼 read? | tokki | dogi; toki; tokgi
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`
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}),
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lesson({
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id: 'ko-compound-vowels',
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title: 'More vowels',
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summary: 'ㅐ ㅔ, the y-vowels and the w-vowels',
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notes: `
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**One extra stroke adds a "y"**: ㅏ → ㅑ (ya), ㅓ → ㅕ (yeo), ㅗ → ㅛ (yo), ㅜ → ㅠ (yu).
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**ㅐ (ae)** and **ㅔ (e)** sound almost the same today (both like "e" in "bed"). ㅒ (yae) and ㅖ (ye) likewise.
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**W-vowels** combine ㅗ or ㅜ with another vowel:
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|---|---|---|
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| ㅘ = ㅗ+ㅏ | wa | 와 |
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| ㅙ = ㅗ+ㅐ | wae | 왜 |
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| ㅚ = ㅗ+ㅣ | oe (said "we") | 외 |
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| ㅝ = ㅜ+ㅓ | wo | 워 |
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| ㅞ = ㅜ+ㅔ | we | 웨 |
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| ㅟ = ㅜ+ㅣ | wi | 위 |
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| ㅢ = ㅡ+ㅣ | ui | 의 |
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**ㅢ** is read "ui" at the start of a word, "i" after a consonant (희 = hi), and "e" as the possessive particle 의.
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`,
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script: `
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ㅐ | ae
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ㅔ | e
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ㅑ | ya
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ㅕ | yeo
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ㅛ | yo
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ㅠ | yu
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ㅘ | wa
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ㅝ | wo
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ㅟ | wi
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ㅢ | ui
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ㅚ | oe
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ㅙ | wae
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애 | ae
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에 | e
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야 | ya
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여 | yeo
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요 | yo
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유 | yu
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와 | wa
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워 | wo
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위 | wi
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의 | ui
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왜 | wae
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`,
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words: `
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우유 | milk
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여우 | fox
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요리 | cooking
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개 | dog
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게 | crab
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사과 | apple
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돼지 | pig
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의자 | chair
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회사 | company
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뭐 | what
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귀 | ear
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야구 | baseball
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왜 | why
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세계 | world
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`,
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sentences: `
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우유 주세요 | Milk, please.
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이게 뭐예요? | What is this?
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`,
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drills: `
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Adding a stroke to ㅏ gives: | ㅑ | ㅐ; ㅓ; ㅘ
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ㅗ + ㅏ = | ㅘ | ㅝ; ㅚ; ㅙ
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How is 의자 read? | uija | euija; wija; eja
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How is 돼지 read? | dwaeji | doeji; dweji; dwaji
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How is 여우 read? | yeou | yau; yeowu; yoou
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`
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}),
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lesson({
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id: 'ko-batchim',
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title: 'Final consonants (batchim)',
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summary: 'Consonants at the bottom of a block and how they link',
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notes: `
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A consonant at the bottom of a block is a **batchim** (받침). Whatever the letter, a final consonant is pronounced as one of **seven sounds**:
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| sound | letters | example |
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| k | ㄱ ㅋ ㄲ | 책 chaek, 부엌 bueok |
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| n | ㄴ | 산 san |
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| t | ㄷ ㅌ ㅅ ㅆ ㅈ ㅊ ㅎ | 옷 ot, 꽃 kkot |
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| l | ㄹ | 물 mul |
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| m | ㅁ | 밤 bam |
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| p | ㅂ ㅍ | 밥 bap, 앞 ap |
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| ng | ㅇ | 강 gang |
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### Linking (연음)
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If the next syllable starts with the silent **ㅇ**, the batchim **moves over** and is pronounced in full:
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- 한국어 → [한구거] **hangugeo**
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- 음악 → [으막] **eumak**
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- 옷이 → [오시] **osi**
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### Nasalization
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A k/t/p sound before ㄴ or ㅁ becomes ng/n/m: **감사합니다** → [감사함니다] **gamsahamnida**.
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`,
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script: `
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각 | gak
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간 | gan
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갈 | gal
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감 | gam
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갑 | gap
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강 | gang
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옷 | ot
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밖 | bak
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앞 | ap
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꽃 | kkot
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`,
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words: `
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한국 | Korea
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사람 | person
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물 | water
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밥 | rice; meal
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책 | book
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빵 | bread
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김치 | kimchi
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선생님 | teacher
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학생 | student
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음식 | food
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옷 | clothes
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꽃 | flower
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서울 | Seoul
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한국어 | Korean (language)
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음악 | music
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`,
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sentences: `
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감사합니다 | Thank you.
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한국 사람 | a Korean person
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`,
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drills: `
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The final ㅅ in 옷 sounds like: | t | s; ch; sh
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The final ㅂ in 밥 sounds like: | p | b; m; silent
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How is 음악 read? | eumak | eum-ak; eumag; umak | The ㅁ links to the next syllable.
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How is 감사합니다 read? | gamsahamnida | gamsahapnida; kamsahabnida; gamsahabnida | ㅂ before ㄴ becomes m.
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How is 한국어 read? | hangugeo | hanguk-eo; hangukeo; hangukgeo
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`
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})
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]
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);
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